Model of the reading process from Kenneth Goodman

Learning to read is about gaining control of the reading process, according to reading expert and researcher Kenneth Goodman. Expert and struggling readers use the same processes to find meaning. The difference is that experts have greater control of the process.

Goodman describes the process this way:

• recognizing the task - the reader makes a decision to read 
• sampling - the reader chooses what to read
• inferring - the reader guesses at what is unknown by using what the reader knows
• predicting - the reader anticipates what the author will say next
• confirming/denying - the reader monitors to see if his/her inferences and predictions are correct
• correcting - if inferences or predictions are denied the reader reconstructs meaning
• terminating - the reader makes a decision to stop reading

According to Goodman, a reader uses three types of information to make meaning:

1. graphophonic - using letters and corresponding sounds
2. syntactic - using the grammatical function 
3. semantic - using the context

--- summarizing Understanding the Reading Process, from Retrospective Miscue Analysis, by by Ann M. Marek and Yetta M. Goodman.